Commonly, businesses and individuals copy or adopt deceptively similar marks, leading to court action for infringement, passing off, and dilution of brand value. Recent cases include disputes over luxury and household brands, with courts granting strong interim relief where deceptive similarity is established.

Patent holders, particularly in the pharmaceutical, biotech, and technology sectors, face challenges from competitors regarding the validity, enforcement, or infringement of patents. Notably, Indian courts often weigh public interest—such as access to medicines—against exclusivity claims, sometimes denying interim injunctions where social concerns are compelling.

Unauthorized copying of creative works—software, literature, music, industrial designs—and disputes over authorship or licensing terms are frequently litigated, especially in industries like film, music, and software.

The production and sale of counterfeit goods remain a major problem, with courts awarding significant damages in high-profile cases (for example, counterfeit medical devices and luxury goods), and adopting strict penalties for contempt and repeat violations.